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Linguistic Fossils, by John D. Bengtson
Download PDF Linguistic Fossils, by John D. Bengtson
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Thank you for checking out this book by Theophania Publishing. We appreciate your business and look forward to serving you soon. We have thousands of titles available, and we invite you to search for us by name, contact us via our website, or download our most recent catalogues. The articles in this book represent a large part of Mr. Bengtson's work in historical linguistics and paleolinguistics over the past few years. The first two articles concern the worldwide picture of a human language family: global etymologies. The third is a brief summary of Mr. Bengtson's current view of the Austric macrofamily. The next six articles are concerned with the so called "isolates," Basque and Burushaski, and Mr. Bengtson's view that they are just members of a larger macrofamily, Dene-Caucasian. The two essays with titles beginning "The Problem of 'Isolates'..." approach the issues in a narrative,minimally technical style, while the other four papers are more detail-oriented and technical. The last two articles concentrate on the Na-Dene family, which Mr. Bengtson's considers an integral part of Dene-Caucasian. It hardly needs saying that much of the content of this book is out of the mainstream of historical linguistic work.
- Sales Rank: #3026364 in Books
- Published on: 2010-01-01
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x .54" w x 6.00" l, .71 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 292 pages
About the Author
John D. Bengtson is an historical and anthropological linguist. He is�past president and currently vice-president of the Association for the Study of Language in Prehistory, and has served as editor of the journal Mother Tongue (1996-2003 and 2007-). He has also been�a participant in the Evolution of Human Language Project, sponsored by Murray Gell-Mann and the Santa Fe Institute (2001- ).
Most helpful customer reviews
5 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
From Basque to Athabascan
By Peter Uys
This monograph collects most of the author's research in historical linguistics and paleolinguistics since the 1990s. Chapter One, On Fossil Dinosaurs and Fossil Words, and Chapter Two, Global Etymologies Involving Six Macro-families, present evidence for the monogenesis of language - one original language from which all modern languages derive. This mother tongue has been called Proto-Human or Proto-World.
Mainstream linguists - even those who accept monogenesis - claim that it is impossible to demonstrate genetic relationships between languages beyond a certain "temporal ceiling." Long-range historical linguists like the late Professor Joseph Greenberg, Merritt Ruhlen, Allan Bomhard and Bengtson argue that no such temporal restriction exists so that it is therefore possible to identify the traces of the mother tongue through factors such as localized phonetic conservatism, random phonetic retention, multilateral lexical recovery and reconstruction.
Localized phonetic conservatism is the phenomenon of some languages to undergo less phonetic change than others. Random phonetic retention means that even in languages that are not phonetically archaic, certain words resist radical phonetic changes. When languages of the same family are compared, the chances of recovering the original vocabulary of their proto-language increases according to the number of languages compared; this is called multilateral lexical recovery. The techniques of historical linguistic reconstruction - the reconstitution of older forms - enable the identification of cognates.
The most convincing word comparisons are those that involve the most basic meanings, such as body parts or substances (arm, blood), basic natural phenomena (fire, sky, water), simple social terms (man, woman, child), parasites (louse) and basic verbs (die). Research has shown that basic words of these types are much more likely to remain stable in any given language over vast periods of time than words with non-basic meanings.
The third chapter, The Greater Austric Hypothesis, provides a summary of Bengtson's view of the Austric macrofamily which includes (a) Austroasiatic: about 155 languages spoken mainly in India, the Nicobar Islands, Cambodia and Vietnam, including Munda, Khmer and Vietnamese (b) Hmong-Mien (Miao-Yao): fewer than 10 languages scattered through southern China, Vietnam, Laos and Thailand (c) Daic (Tai-Kadai): about 55 languages of Southeast Asia including Thai and Lao (d) Austronesian: a massive family of nearly 1000 members ranging from Madagascar through Indonesia, the Philippines and the Pacific islands, including Hawaiian, Malagasy, Malay, Javanese, Tagalog, Maori and Tahitian.
The historical implications of the Greater Austric Hypothesis would be that speakers of "Proto-Austric" lived from India in the west to Korea in the east before they were displaced so that later expansions happened in a southerly direction, ultimately establishing Austronesian as far west as Madagascar and as far east as Easter Island. Perhaps the Austric people moved into southern Asia following the speakers of Australian and Indo-Pacific, since the latter may have left a trail in language isolates like Kusunda & Nahali?
The next five articles examine Basque and Burushaski that Bengtson consider to be members of Macro-Caucasic that ultimately belongs to the large macrofamily Dene-Caucasian. Burushaski is spoken in the Hunza, Nager and Yasin valleys of northern Pakistan whilst Caucasian languages are spoken in the northern Caucasus, primarily Abkhazia, Chechnya, Dagestan, Ingushetia and Kabardino-Balkaria. Bengtson presents convincing phonological correspondences within the Macro-Caucasian family of Basque, Caucasian and Burushaski, as well as lexical and morphological evidence.
He provides an extensive list of cognate sets in basic vocabulary and shows the regular phonological patterns of these cognates and a shared morphological structure. On the basis of shared cultural vocabulary such as words for domestic animals, grain cultivation and artifacts, he suggests that speakers of Macro-Caucasic may have separated approximately 7000 to 9000 years ago.
Bengtson then considers Basque phonology in the light of the Dene-Caucasian Hypothesis. This proposed Dene-Caucasian macrofamily would thus consist of (a) Macro Caucasic (b) Sino-Tibetan (c) Yeniseian (Ket) of Siberia and (d) Na-Dene of Alaska, Canada, California, Arizona and New Mexico. The penultimate chapter deals with Haida's position in respect of Tlingit, Eyak and Athabascan which includes Apache, Navajo and Chipewyan. The book concludes with a discussion of the lateral affricates in the Na-Dene family.
Further valuable findings in the prehistory of languages are available in Merritt Ruhlen's On the Origin of Languages and A Guide To The World's Languages, Amerind and Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family by Joseph Greenberg, Indo-European & the Nostratic Hypothesis by Allan R Bomhard, Sprung From Some Common Source, edited by Sydney M Lamb and In Hot Pursuit of Language in Prehistory: Essays in the four fields of anthropology, edited by Bengtson.
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
The Peter Uys's review is just excellent and perfect
By Michel Prichvine
The Peter Uys's review is just excellent and perfect. I would'nt add anything to it. Good is better than better. And perfect is better than good.
On the other hand, I would recommend not to lose time reading the Colardeau review. This guy tries to lecture people about his boring obsolete knowledge, overlooking completely the impressive work of John Bengtson.
I suppose it's the way too many of those french professors teach their hapless students. And they are highly paid for that.
2 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
A must in many respect
By Dr Jacques COULARDEAU
This book is a must on the debate about the origin of language. In fact the question is not so much the origin of language. We all know that, more or less. It was devised by Homo Sapiens who got some kind of new articulatory power due to a couple of mutations in Africa something like 150,000 years ago. The question is to know how the first real human being managed to invent that complex thing we know as grammar in something like 120,000 years. Luckily our kids do not take that much time to learn how to read. Bengtson is mostly interested in the period after the last glaciation, from 10,000 BCE to 2,000 BCE.
Personally I am more interested in the period between let's say 100,000 BCE and 20,000 BCE, a long time before the peak of the last glaciation. I remind you that that first Homo Sapiens arrived in Europe around 35,000 BCE at the most. But this book is essential because it is a direct complement to Vennemann's theory which is essential for me, to know that Cromagnon who was occupying Europe unchallenged since Neanderthals managed to disappear due to natural selection, spoke what is known as V asconic.
When with the glaciation they regrouped in the South West of Europe, leaving modern Basque behind them, while the others in the east were regrouping somewhere north of the Black sea, because of that glaciation, they also evolved and waited for the end of it, waited some 8,000 or 10,000 years. My question is to know what language they were speaking. Mr. Bengtson gives us a lot of information about Basque and Vasconic and demonstrates with all the details you need to be convinced that this Basque language and Vasconic are of the same family as the big Altaic family that regroup Uralic, Turkic, Mongolic, Sino-Tibetan, Yakuts in Siberia, Korean, Japanese, Na-Dene languages in northern America and I will add the Siouan family too, Aztec and Maya probably.
In other words Basque is of the same family as Turkish, Finnish, Hungarian, Estonian and a few other languages today in Europe. All these languages have one characteristic in common: they are agglutinative in various degrees. But this book is a lot more interesting than that. It shows how we can prove these things by using comparative linguistics and reconstructing the proto-languages of the languages we speak today and that have been for most of them attested and transcribed for twenty centuries. What's more too is that we can reconstruct at the same time the culture of these people and discover they were hunter-gatherers who invented fishing as the winning edge over Neanderthals, and then little by little tamed a few animals and started growing some plants around 7,000 or 6,000 years BCE.
This pastoral and agricultural economy was invented for us in Europe somewhere in the Middle East, in Mesopotamia, while it was invented in Mexico with maize or corn in America, and in south East Asia, Yunnan precisely, for rice and buck wheat in Asia. We then find out that what some consider as the worst mistake ever done by humanity was not that good and not that bad. It enabled them to feed 10 people per square kilometer instead of one. Homo Sapiens was, and still is, a migrating species that expanded and still does, over any new territory intensifying the density of population and the exploitation of the land.
They were like us, always inventing new things and that was the only way for them to maintain the population that was always growing at a rather high speed. It also enables us to understand the first division of labor between men and women, since women starting at the age of thirteen were always either carrying a young child or pregnant with another one, or both because when living between 19 and 26 years, they had to deliver more than two children who would survive, knowing that at least 50% died in infancy and a fair proportion of women died in their first delivery. Two per adult woman was a minimum, which meant three at least for the women who had children, which meant a minimum of 8 pregnancies, practically one ever year or year and a half.
That division of labor was then amplified by the tasks women could do close to the camp and with their children who could not walk or hardly not too far so that they could take care of them against predators (eagles, and all four legged animals like bears and wolves and wild cats, etc) and feeding them when necessary. Agriculture was a bane for these women, and cattle raising was a bane for boys under the necessary age for hunting and girls. It is true that agriculture did not produce a lengthening of life expectancy for quite a long time since at the end of the seventeenth century life expectancy had hardly raised up to 30, and less for the field working population. But it enabled humanity to multiply in a tremendous proportion and to conquer the whole earth.
It also provided human society with the necessary means to build cities and start moving to a more technological way of life. Some may say it is not that better than the hunter-gatherers of Cro-Magnon's time, but I don't think anyone is ready to abandon their cars, their TVs, their telephones and other modern contraptions to go back living like cavemen who only lived 26 years anyway. That book then is essential to show us how language developed in Europe and the world enabling the collecting and sharing of knowledge that enabled human evolution.
Dr Jacques COULARDEAU
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